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A creation of Programming activity based on modelling real-world objects is called Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm. Computer Software comes to model real world objects.  Only the essential aspects of the object under the scanner are considered. For a 'Paradigm' based on Object-Oriented Programming, Object-Oriented Programming Language is deployed. Good examples of Object-Oriented Programming Languages are C++, and Java. Feasibility of a programming model is the prime criterion that dictates our programming efforts here.  Object selection, dictated by feasibility of a model, gives way to enlistment of the object attributes. We go ahead and carefully jot down the attributes. Attributes are termed as data members. Data Members feature the static aspects of the object storyline. Data Members play a role. The role played is characterised by a dynamic thrust. Such thrust sees action, and processing sets in. Member Functions that come along set the data members in a rolling stat...

  Information Technology (IT) is a discipline that dwells on the application of Computing power on Computer data. The focus of IT is on data handling. IT is a broad concept that motivates us to maximise application of computing power. The world around is suitably decked with upward trending processing power to harness IT. The rapid development of IT is being spearheaded by the world of Computers. The far reaching impact of IT has been achieved by the ceaseless endeavours of man and machine. The mere reference of IT brings to our mind the powerful nexus of modern technology, semiconductor electronics, computing power, telecommunications, and broadcasting. IT is indispensable for the following areas of human endeavours: ( 1 ) Industrial  ( 2 ) Commercial ( 3 ) Administrative ( 4 ) Educational  ( 5 ) Medical ( 6 ) Scientific  ( 7 ) Professional ( 8 ) Domestic  The galvanising impression of IT is felt by the world across.  Modernity finds IT to be its greatest ...

  A chip made up of a semiconductor material is termed as a Microprocessor. Microprocessors are the emblems of high performance and embodiment of the CPU (Central Processing Unit). A Microprocessor chiefly consists of: _________________ _________________ ( A ) Arithmetic and Logic Unit  (ALU) ( B ) Control Unit (CU) ________________ ________________ The ALU performs arithmetic tasks that it is instructed to perform. Common arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. ALU is also responsible for performing logical operations.  Boolean Logic is a set of principles. It is used in Computers and helps the Computing Units to perform logical tasks.  Boolean operators are used in Boolean logic. Such operators perform logical functions.  ALU is decked with the Boolean Logic. The Logic Unit of ALU is enabled to perform operations such as AND, OR, and NOT; thanks to the Boolean Logic. In fact, Microprocessor is the hub of Computing activit...

The way in which data in the main memory of a  Computer is addressed by a Processor is termed as the Addressing Mode used by the Processor. Such address of data is contained within the instruction word. It should be noted that data in memory is referenced in different ways. ______________________ ______________________ Instruction Word is a small  memory area that can hold  ( i ) an opcode ( ii ) and an entity of relevance to the opcode. ______________________ ______________________ The referee of data is the Processor. A location in main memory is referred to by the Processor. There are different ways in which reference to a piece of data is made. These ways of referring to data are: ( 1 ) Direct Addressing: When the address of data is given in binary form, a direct reference to data is made.  Address in binary form is a state that matches the deployed address standard at the native level. Direct Addressing requires us to do away with any kind of translation of...

A rtificially acquired abilities to think, reason, and understand is called Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI manifests in a manner that is like Human Intelligence. AI has a robust framework. Capturing the  realities around  is the touchstone AI. Captured surrounds cater to  the thinking segment of AI.  The observed reality has rough edges, and insignificant details. Unnecessary details are filtered out. These left out details are discarded. The important details of captured objects are matched with predefined objects. These predefined objects are stored in Computer memory. The predefined objects are available in a standard form.  The matching of captured objects and predefined ones is very helpful and supportive. It is an important step towards fabrication of AI. The form of final and concrete thought (the outcome of thinking) is here with us. The comparison of captured reality and samples of reality stored in Computers leads to some crystallisation of thinking ...

  Microprogrammed Control Unit (MCU) is a Control Unit of a Computer. The  design of MCU is Program based. Such a Control Unit is a programmed one. The Programming activity that is deployed is called  Microprogramming. A Microprogram is designed performing Microprogramming action. In fact, Microprogramming is the task undertaken for designing and building  the Control Unit of a Computer . Such a Control Unit is called Microprogrammed Control Unit (MCU). For building the MCU, an additional memory called Microprogram Store is used. MCU is responsible for controlling the activities inside a Computer System. Generally, the directives issued to the Computer System at the Hardware level are controlled and coordinated by the MCU. Hardware level activities performed using MCU affect data processing facilitated by a Computer. MCU performs like a conventional Control Unit. The difference is that, instead of being hardwired, MCU is designed to be programmed (or Microprogrammed ...

I ntelligence that is fabricated using Computer Programs is called Artificial intelligence (AI). The Intelligence that is formed is based on use of Computer Software.  Artificial Intelligence has an empowering tendency. It empowers devices and utilities with abilities that are identified with human intelligence. We can say that Artificial Intelligence renders a sort of capability that is similar to what is achievable by Human Intelligence.  Perceptual abilities form the focus of Computer Applications that are used to synthesize Artificial Intelligence. Few examples of perceptual  abilities are viewing and listening. Specialized Computer Applications that perform Natural Language Processing, Game Design, Theorem Validation, Pattern Matching, Psychological Analysis occupy the place of prominence in the Artificial Intelligence world.  Indeed AI is all about capturing the natural appeal and generating an artificial response. In essence, it is transformation of the appeal...

  A variable is an element of a Computer Program. Computers Programs are stored in Computer memory. Computer memory is also the seat of Program variables. Variables stored in Computer memory can be identified. The name given to the variable is the identifier of the variable. This identifier helps to identify the variable. A Program variable is very much useful. Computer Programmers use variables meaningfully and purposefully. Variables dish out data to Program instructions. Instructions of a Computer Program are able to use variables quite effectively.  A value that is acquired by a Program variable is used by Program instruction. Whenever a variable is encountered by a Program instruction, a simple substitution occurs. The variable is substituted by the value. This is how processing of data is helped. Let us see how we have to play with variables used in a Computer Program: ______________________________________ Integer x, y x = 4 y = 5 ______________________________________ ...

Data Processing means performing a series of steps to change or preserve the form of data. Data Processing is performed using an established procedure. Generally,  a Computer Program, that is implemented using a programming paradigm, performs the task of Data Processing. The different streams of job responsibilities, that are part and parcel of Data Processing, are briefly highlighted: ( 1 ) Processing of large quantities of Experimental Results that are part of Scientific Research. ( 2 ) Processing of Personal Information. ( 3 ) Applying programming techniques to Multiple Data Streams. ( 4 ) Operations on Production Level Data. ( 5 ) Making Sales Forecasts. ( 6 ) Generation of Pivot Reports. ( 7 ) Analysis of Investment Plans. ( 8 ) Preparation of Orders. ______________________ ______________________ Data Processing tasks are performed at organisational level necessitating deployment of Computer Applications. Computer Applications are empowered to process large quantities of data....

The Physical Link  Layer provides the much needed medium for communication of data. In other words, how to go about infrastructural support  is  detailed by the Physical Link Layer.  The Physical Link Layer serves to provide the information for placement of real world communication facilities. These communication facilities are the fundamental requirements of the communication process.  Many theoretical studies, and conceptual analysis stand proven by studying the implementation of the PPhysical Link Layer. The Layer speaks to us to how to apply the skills related to plugging. The manner in which we should put subtlety to good use vis-a-vis connectors is explained to us.  The details of socket connection is stated by the Physical Layer. How to make cable adjustments is narrated. Top to bottom requirements of connection establishment and its orientation is made clear to us. The main focus of the Physical  Link Layer is on ensuring the success of the com...

The Data Link Layer is responsible for establishing the communication path. Data Frames, constructed as dictated by the Layer,  travel on the established path. This communication path is supported by the physical medium. The path is free from errors. In other words, the communication path that is established has a high degree of reliability.  A standard exists for organizing the data into frames. We say that the Data Link Layer specifies a standard for framing messages.  The correctness of messages is ensured by the Data Link Layer. This helps to preserve the integrity of Network Transmissions.  It must be said that framing of messages serves the purpose of correctness of Data that is received. The correctness of received messages is the advantage that is  earned by framing of messages using the Data Link Layer. It can be drawn that framing activity that is articulated by the Data Link Layer is marked by effectiveness. It serves to enable error free Data Communi...