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  Information Technology (IT) is a discipline that dwells on the application of Computing power on Computer data. The focus of IT is on data handling. IT is a broad concept that motivates us to maximise application of computing power. The world around is suitably decked with upward trending processing power to harness IT. The rapid development of IT is being spearheaded by the world of Computers. The far reaching impact of IT has been achieved by the ceaseless endeavours of man and machine. The mere reference of IT brings to our mind the powerful nexus of modern technology, semiconductor electronics, computing power, telecommunications, and broadcasting. IT is indispensable for the following areas of human endeavours: ( 1 ) Industrial  ( 2 ) Commercial ( 3 ) Administrative ( 4 ) Educational  ( 5 ) Medical ( 6 ) Scientific  ( 7 ) Professional ( 8 ) Domestic  The galvanising impression of IT is felt by the world across.  Modernity finds IT to be its greatest ...

  A chip made up of a semiconductor material is termed as a Microprocessor. Microprocessors are the emblems of high performance and embodiment of the CPU (Central Processing Unit). A Microprocessor chiefly consists of: _________________ _________________ ( A ) Arithmetic and Logic Unit  (ALU) ( B ) Control Unit (CU) ________________ ________________ The ALU performs arithmetic tasks that it is instructed to perform. Common arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. ALU is also responsible for performing logical operations.  Boolean Logic is a set of principles. It is used in Computers and helps the Computing Units to perform logical tasks.  Boolean operators are used in Boolean logic. Such operators perform logical functions.  ALU is decked with the Boolean Logic. The Logic Unit of ALU is enabled to perform operations such as AND, OR, and NOT; thanks to the Boolean Logic. In fact, Microprocessor is the hub of Computing activit...

The way in which data in the main memory of a  Computer is addressed by a Processor is termed as the Addressing Mode used by the Processor. Such address of data is contained within the instruction word. It should be noted that data in memory is referenced in different ways. ______________________ ______________________ Instruction Word is a small  memory area that can hold  ( i ) an opcode ( ii ) and an entity of relevance to the opcode. ______________________ ______________________ The referee of data is the Processor. A location in main memory is referred to by the Processor. There are different ways in which reference to a piece of data is made. These ways of referring to data are: ( 1 ) Direct Addressing: When the address of data is given in binary form, a direct reference to data is made.  Address in binary form is a state that matches the deployed address standard at the native level. Direct Addressing requires us to do away with any kind of translation of...

A rtificially acquired abilities to think, reason, and understand is called Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI manifests in a manner that is like Human Intelligence. AI has a robust framework. Capturing the  realities around  is the touchstone AI. Captured surrounds cater to  the thinking segment of AI.  The observed reality has rough edges, and insignificant details. Unnecessary details are filtered out. These left out details are discarded. The important details of captured objects are matched with predefined objects. These predefined objects are stored in Computer memory. The predefined objects are available in a standard form.  The matching of captured objects and predefined ones is very helpful and supportive. It is an important step towards fabrication of AI. The form of final and concrete thought (the outcome of thinking) is here with us. The comparison of captured reality and samples of reality stored in Computers leads to some crystallisation of thinking ...

  Microprogrammed Control Unit (MCU) is a Control Unit of a Computer. The  design of MCU is Program based. Such a Control Unit is a programmed one. The Programming activity that is deployed is called  Microprogramming. A Microprogram is designed performing Microprogramming action. In fact, Microprogramming is the task undertaken for designing and building  the Control Unit of a Computer . Such a Control Unit is called Microprogrammed Control Unit (MCU). For building the MCU, an additional memory called Microprogram Store is used. MCU is responsible for controlling the activities inside a Computer System. Generally, the directives issued to the Computer System at the Hardware level are controlled and coordinated by the MCU. Hardware level activities performed using MCU affect data processing facilitated by a Computer. MCU performs like a conventional Control Unit. The difference is that, instead of being hardwired, MCU is designed to be programmed (or Microprogrammed ...

I ntelligence that is fabricated using Computer Programs is called Artificial intelligence (AI). The Intelligence that is formed is based on use of Computer Software.  Artificial Intelligence has an empowering tendency. It empowers devices and utilities with abilities that are identified with human intelligence. We can say that Artificial Intelligence renders a sort of capability that is similar to what is achievable by Human Intelligence.  Perceptual abilities form the focus of Computer Applications that are used to synthesize Artificial Intelligence. Few examples of perceptual  abilities are viewing and listening. Specialized Computer Applications that perform Natural Language Processing, Game Design, Theorem Validation, Pattern Matching, Psychological Analysis occupy the place of prominence in the Artificial Intelligence world.  Indeed AI is all about capturing the natural appeal and generating an artificial response. In essence, it is transformation of the appeal...

  An array is an ordered collection of elements. Each element of the array is assigned a value. An array element can be considered as a variable. All the elements of the array are indexed. Zero and whole numbers are used as indices. Indexing of the array elements is purposeful. It helps to identify the array elements uniquely. An array-name is associated with each array. The array-name once tagged, comes to be associated with each array element. In other words, the array-name becomes part and parcel of the identity of all the array elements. In such a scenario, when the same array-name  applies to each array element, the unique index of each element gives the required uniqueness. This uniqueness is acquired by each and every array element. In this way identification of the array elements is helped. In order words, uniqueness is  bestowed  upon  the array elements with the help of indices. Distinctiveness of array elements helps in data processing. We are able to...

  Data items of a Computer Program are recognized with the help of Identifiers. Identifiers serve to identify data items. Programming requires use of Identifiers. We can associate Identifiers with digits, alphabets, alphanumeric strings, and boolean values. RULES FOR IDENTIFIER FORMATION: ( 1 ) Composition of Identifiers: Only alphabet(s), underscore(s), or digit(s) can come together to form Identifiers.  ( 2 ) First Occurence Particulars:  An Identifier is declared to be invalid if a digit occurs in the Identifier at the first place. Either an alphabet , or an underscore (_) can be the occupant of the first place of a well-formed Identifier. One must be careful about the placement of digit(s). ( 3 ) Case Sensitivity Matters:  Uppercase and lowercase letters have a distinct identity. 'N' and 'n' are altogether different. 'R' and 'r' are treated differently from each other. ( 4 ) Impermissible White spaces: White space inclusion anywhere in an identifier ...

Circuit Switching is the simplest way in which Computer-to-Computer communication is achieved. The basic elements of Circuit Switching are: ( A ) Computers or Nodes ( B ) Communication Line Data transmitted by a Computer is carried over the Communication Lines. Communication Lines deliver  transmitted data to the receiver ( a Computer). Once a Computer is ready to transmit data, a Communication Line is established. This Line connects the transmitter  to the receiver. _________________________ //Data Directed by Digital Transmitter// //Travel Swiftly to Thankful  Receiver// _________________________ Now, the actual communication begins. The data to be transmitted is divided into Blocks. The Transmitter sends the Blocks on a Communication Line. The Blocks are sent in order.  _____________________________ //Data Sent Block by Block// //Receiver Is the Place to Flock// _____________________________ When all Blocks reach the receiver, the Communication Line  is relea...

Suppose we have two Jobs A and B. A and B carry data of size 1 Kilo Byte each. Data carried by Jobs A and B has to be processed.  Let us further suppose that there are two slots ( Slot I and Slot II ) available. The important condition is that processing of Jobs A and B can occur, only if they appear in Slot I. When these jobs appear in Slot II, they are not processed.  ____________ Case I: ____________ The permutations of Jobs A and B are as: _________________             Slot I        Slot II Perm I         A         B Perm II        B           A               ________________ //Permutation- A Great Fun// //Titbits Under the Sun// ____________________ Clearly job A would be in Slot I for once.  Job B too would be in Slot I for once. Let us suppose the  data proc...