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Circuit Switching is the simplest way in which Computer-to-Computer communication is achieved. The basic elements of Circuit Switching are: ( A ) Computers or Nodes ( B ) Communication Line Data transmitted by a Computer is carried over the Communication Lines. Communication Lines deliver  transmitted data to the receiver ( a Computer). Once a Computer is ready to transmit data, a Communication Line is established. This Line connects the transmitter  to the receiver. _________________________ //Data Directed by Digital Transmitter// //Travel Swiftly to Thankful  Receiver// _________________________ Now, the actual communication begins. The data to be transmitted is divided into Blocks. The Transmitter sends the Blocks on a Communication Line. The Blocks are sent in order.  _____________________________ //Data Sent Block by Block// //Receiver Is the Place to Flock// _____________________________ When all Blocks reach the receiver, the Communication Line  is relea...

Suppose we have two Jobs A and B. A and B carry data of size 1 Kilo Byte each. Data carried by Jobs A and B has to be processed.  Let us further suppose that there are two slots ( Slot I and Slot II ) available. The important condition is that processing of Jobs A and B can occur, only if they appear in Slot I. When these jobs appear in Slot II, they are not processed.  ____________ Case I: ____________ The permutations of Jobs A and B are as: _________________             Slot I        Slot II Perm I         A         B Perm II        B           A               ________________ //Permutation- A Great Fun// //Titbits Under the Sun// ____________________ Clearly job A would be in Slot I for once.  Job B too would be in Slot I for once. Let us suppose the  data proc...

A message is a piece of information. It is not communicated in real time. Messages are stored in a storage medium as Message Queues.  Messages are forwarded using Computer Systems. Forwarding messages helps to convey the content to the other end. The forwarded Messages Queue up on the receiver side. We can say Message is an alternative to real time dialogue.  Because it is useful and wise Message Queues are supported. The Queue can be used as per the requirement. Message based communication is a requirement of modern technology. The advanced techniques of communication and data handling have given us the concept of Message Queue. Message Queue is a place where a number of Messages are kept waiting. Message Queues are very helpful as a Message can be picked anytime from these Queues. It is not necessary that incoming Messages be handled immediately.  Whenever there is a requirement, the information that is in the Message Queue can be used. So, a Queue of Messages can be us...

Network Protocol is a set of rules ( guidelines ) to help movement of information on a network. These rules have been given the form of agreement. We are happy that an agreement has materialized to help communication. We are talking about Computer-to-Computer communication.  Indeed Network Protocol lends a helping hand, when information exchange between Computers is performed.  The Network Protocol is available in standardized form. Those interested have worked to provide ways to let Computers communicate. The work product called Protocol is available with us. It serves to benefit when the Protocol is accepted as a guideline by the Computers willing to communicate. The rules specified by Network Protocol serve to guide. It is very essential to follow the guidelines. The follow up  of  Network Protocol guarantees successful communication.  Yes, the success of Computer-to-Computer communication is determined by the Protocol follow up. The Computers that communicat...

Factorial of a number is the product of that number and all the numbers below it.  Factorial 4 is symbolically expressed as: 4! To calculate Factorial 4: 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24 So, in calculation of finding the Factorial of '4'  we have taken into account numbers from '4' to '1'. We have moved in descending order upto '1'. Factorial of a number can also be calculated using recursion. Recursion is a method to solve a problem. Some mathematical problems are nicely solved using recursion. Let n be a non-negative counting number. n can be zero, let us say. The factorial of n is:  n ! = n × ( n - 1 )!  By definition,  0! = 1 Let us find the factorial of ' 2' using recursion. By the formula, 2! = 2 × ( 2 - 1)! =  2 × 1 !  ------ ( i ) 1 ! = 1 × ( 1 - 1 )!= 1 × 0 !   ------ ( ii ) 0! = 1 (By definition of factorial) ----- (iii) Now, upon substitution of ( iii ) in  ( ii ), we get: 1 ! = 1 ×1 = 1 --------- ( iv ) Now, substituting ( iv ) in ( i ...

  A distribution of Computers may serve as a grid for a group or Cluster of Computer Applications. In the Cluster of Computer Applications the Applications are similar in many ways.  The Applications forming the Applications Cluster are distributed across Computers located at different locations. These locations are specified. We cannot talk about any location. Actually, the Cluster of Applications is supported by an arrangement of Computers. This arrangement of Computers is systematized using Distributed Architecture. Applications are scaled or measured. Such measurement is performed to know if an Application can become a  member of a group.  Applications that are measured or scaled to be similar are grouped. The measurement results from careful observations. Statistical analysis is part of such recording of observations.  A huge size of data resulting from statistical analysis of Applications is very attentively studied. The results of such studies unfold many...

Interface Message Processor ( IMP ) is a special purpose Computer. The Processor plays a vital role in Host-to-Host communication. IMP is placed between Host Computers.  IMP helps Hosts to exchange information. IMPs ( Interface Message Processors ) form a group. The group dedicates itself towards reliable transmission of Packets. _________________________ Note: An Interface Message Processor can be supposed to have a face. Firstly this supposed face of IMP is in the direction of the first Host, which sends the  message. Secondly, this face is turned towards the other Host.  Now, the IMP,  with its face turned around, communicates with this other Host.  Transformed message from IMP is communicated to this Host. __________________________ Message ( a piece of information ) sent from the Host ( source of information  ) is transformed into Packets. Transformation of the message into Packets is performed by an IMP. These Packets are forwarded to the receiver H...

  A sum is simply calculated. Arithmetic calculation is performed in determining the sum. Calculation of sum is part of elementary mathematics. Addition is performed for finding the sum. When Sum is to be found, we must have a minimum of two numbers. When two numbers are added, we get the Sum of two numbers. As for example, 4 + 5 = 9 '4' is the augend. '5' is the addend. '9' is the Sum. The arithmetic operator '+' is used.  We can have a Sum of more than two numbers. There is no upper limit on the count of operands in calculation of Sum. The minimum count of numbers to be added is two.  In the addition of numbers, we calculate the Sum of parts. The total Sum cannot be more than the values of the individual parts. Similarly, the total Sum cannot be less than values of individual parts. So, we can say that the  Sum concept proves the truthfulness and durability of numbers. The Sum tells about the magnitude of individual parts. In this way we can say that t...