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Software is a sensitive creation. It is valuable for us. So, we make it secure and protect it. Software security means software protection against unwanted changes. Software carries a risk of being harmed. There is a danger that one may interfere with normal software functioning. Thus, Software may be forced to behave improperly. Normal Software behaviour can change. Such change can occur if unauthorized access to Software is made.  In other words, Software can be affected if someone without permission can have access. If access to Software is without permission, it means there is no approval for such access. A step towards Software Security is to restrict access to  Software. We can say that we can permit access in a controlled manner. Permission is granted to authentic users of the Software. Users who are not authentic are not granted access to the Software. Checking users for Security is called authentication. It is really a verification process. Users are authenticated bef...

Numbers are used to express quantity. They also tell the order of things. Numbers are also used as labels. Numbers are expressed by symbols. 1, 2, 3, 4 is a representation of numbers. Quantity represented by numbers can be modified. When a quantity is modified its representation also changes. The modified quantity is represented by a different number.  Quantity changes when some addition is made, or the quantity has been lessened.  When addition is made, we can apply the arithmetic operator '+'. The method of using the operator is: Previous Quantity + Current Amount = Modified Quantity If   Previous Quantity = 2   Current Amount = 7        then                2 + 7 = 9 ( Modified Quantity ) In the above case the value of Modified Quantity will always be greater than Previous Quantity. Similarly we can use the arithmetic operator '-'.  Previous ...

The physical parts of a Computer are called hardware. Yes, hardware physically exists. It can be seen and we can touch the physical parts. These physical parts are repairable and replaceable.  Hardware components are manufactured on an  industrial scale. Such components are of great value for Computer users.  Each and every unit of hardware has a function. There is a hardware for capturing information. Hardware that captures information is called  the input unit. Examples of input units are keyboard and mouse. Separate hardware is there for processing of data. Data processing work is carried out by the Central Processing Unit ( CPU ). The CPU has two sections ALU ( Arithmetic Logic Unit ) and CU ( Control Unit ).  The ALU carries out arithmetic operations. Besides it also carries out comparisons of digits. Comparison Operations are called Logical Operations.  Computer operations cannot be conducted in any way. There has to be a discipline. Disciplinary cont...

Applications of  Computers are many. Computers are widely used all over the world. As Computers are useful, everyone of us likes to use them. Life has become impossible without Computers. Some application areas of Computers are listed here: Medical Field: Medical field is becoming increasingly dependent on Computers day by day. Treatment of diseases is done with the help of Computers. Problems in our body can be found using Computers. Sometimes doctors are actively supported by these Computers. Schools and Colleges: Educational centres have adopted Computers. Computers help students and teachers. Learning is simplified for students. Teachers get much support in teaching work. Teaching and learning are full of activity - thanks to Computers. Computers hold many more things for the education field. The world will see many new and important changes that are going to take shape. These changes will empower education.  Banks: Banks are using Computers in a big way. Banking operation...

Wide-Area Network is a Network of Computers spread across cities,  countries, continents, and the world. The Network is present over a wide area indeed. WAN can be thought to be an information system. This information system is based on Computers. These Computers are somehow connected. A LAN ( Local Area Network ) may be connected on WAN ( Wide-Area Network). LANs are marked by Personal Computers ( PCs ) or microcomputers. These Personal Computers ( PCs ) become a part of WAN. Mainframe Computers may also be connected on WAN. WAN supports Mainframe Computers as well. WAN Computers use communication media to connect with each other. Communication media is used to share information. Communication media supported by WAN are: A ) Lines or Trunks  B ) Satellites  C) Microwave D) Medium and Long Range Radio Waves WAN communication takes time. Information travels from one Computer to another. There is some delay in this communication process. It is natural because such activity ...

Application of Power can make a thing rise. Indeed, the use of power makes sense. It gives simplicity in our attempt to represent numbers. It leads to achievement of mathematical solutions very easily and quickly. ______________________________ Note: Power is also called exponent. ______________________________ A number is given a power when it is needed. It can be said that the number has been raised to a numeric value. Any number that is given power as '0' is equal to '1'. In Mathematics '2' to the power '4' means that the number '2' must be multiplied by itself '4' times. This is written as 2^4 , or 2 × 2 × 2 × 2, which equals 16. With a power a number becomes more powerful. Power is a type of qualification for a number. The task of writing numbers has simplified and become easy with the Power concept.  Large numbers are difficult to write. Another point is that such numbers are difficult to read. The  Power concept is really very help...

The Component Model displays excellent scalability. The scale used in designing the Component Model is highly inclusive and real world oriented. The little details  of the Model are properly and carefully attended. It is again and again ensured that essential working elements are clearly and specifically represented. The Model is based on technologies that makes it easy to realize a trouble free arrangement. This arrangement makes a trouble free design possible. The technologies used are armed with utilities that are easier to translate into a Model. The small details are well matched and give the best. A helpful and friendly Model is the result when accuracy is observed. Measurements have to be perfect. A value product is in the view. Performance follows because the Component Model has its focus on a standardised scale. Resultant transparency really helps,  we must say. The choice of scale used is based on the priorities.  A scale that results in a clear  cut  ...